ABSTRACT
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of arterial wall caused by many factors, which is the main pathological basis of many cardiovascular diseases. Currently, "inflammatory response" theory is widely accepted as pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Abnormal increase of apolipoprotein ApoB-100, a composition of low density lipoprotein (LDL), which causes pathological inflammation, is a major factor leading to atherosclerosis. Therefore, inhibition of ApoB-100 induced pathological inflammatory response by immunotherapy is expected to delay the development of atherosclerosis. This review focused on the recent advances of ApoB-100 vaccine and other ApoB-100 inhibitors against atherosclerosis.
ABSTRACT
La aterosclerosis es la patología vascular de mayor prevalencia, lo cual motiva numerosas investigaciones sobre su fisiopatogenia. Las lipoproteínas pueden ser modificadas por mecanismos de oxidación y acetilación entre otros, a nivel de sus componentes lipídicos como proteicos, tornándose aterogénicas. Las Apolipoproteínas B100 modificadas (ApoB100m), desempeñan un rol activo en el desarrollo de las lesiones ateroscleróticas conjuntamente con otros factores de riesgo. Éstas tienen la capacidad de producir respuesta inmune llevando a la producción de anticuerpos y la subsecuente formación de complejos inmunes. La importancia de los anticuerpos contra las ApoB100m en la aterogénesis todavía no está clara, existiendo datos contradictorios respecto a si su rol es protectivo o aterogénico. Se establecieron dos objetivos: Determinar los niveles de complejos inmunes circulantes IgM-ApoB100m por enzimoinmunoanálisis, en sujetos normales (sin riesgo aterogénico) y pacientes con alto riesgo y establecer su correlación con los factores de riesgo aterogénico ya establecidos, mediante un estudio observacional transversal. Se obtuvieron valores medios más elevados de IgM-ApoB100m en el grupo de sujetos normales. Los complejos inmunes IgM-ApoB100m correlacionan negativamente con los factores de riesgo aterogénicos clásicos (sexo masculino, avanzada edad, dislipemia, LDL-C aumentado y HDL-C disminuido).
Atherosclerosis is the most prevalent vascular disease, which motivates extensive research on its pathogenesis. Lipoproteins can be modified by acetylation and oxidation mechanisms, at the level of lipid components as protein, becoming atherogenic. Modified Apolipoprotein B100 (ApoB100m), play an active role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in conjunction with other risk factors. These have the ability to produce immune response leading to antibody production and subsequent formation of immune complexes. The importance of antibodies against ApoB100m in atherogenesis is still unclear since, contradictory data exist on whether their role is protective or atherogenic. Two objectives were established: to determine the levels of circulating immune complexes IgM-ApoB100m by enzyme immunoassay, in normal subjects (without atherogenic risk) and high-risk patients and to establish its correlation with atherogenic risk factors established by a cross-sectional study. Higher mean values of IgM-ApoB100m were obtained in the group of normal subjects. Immune complexes IgM-ApoB100 negatively correlated with classic atherogenic risk factors (male, older, dyslipidemia, increased LDL-C and decreased HDL-C).
A aterosclerose é a doença vascular mais prevalente, o que motiva numerosas pesquisas sobre sua patogênese. As lipoproteínas podem ser modificadas por meio de mecanismos de oxidação e de acetilação entre outros, em nível de seus componentes lipídicos como proteicos, tornando-se aterogênicas. As apolipoproteínas B100 modificadas (ApoB100m), desempenham um papel ativo no desenvolvimento de lesões ateroscleróticas em conjunto com outros fatores de risco. Elas têm a capacidade de produzir resposta imune que conduz à produção de anticorpos e subsequente formação de complexos imunes. A importância de anticorpos contra a ApoB100m na aterogênese ainda não é clara, existindo dados contraditórios sobre se seu papel é de proteção ou aterogênico. Foram estabelecidos dois objetivos. Determinar os níveis de complexos imunes circulantes IgM-ApoB100m por enzimoimunoanálise em indivíduos normais (sem risco aterogênico) e pacientes de alto risco e, estabelecer sua correlação com os fatores de risco aterogênico já estabelecidos por um estudo Observacional Transversal. Foram obtidos valores médios mais elevados de IgM-ApoB100m no grupo de indivíduos normais. Os complexos imunes IgM-ApoB100 correlacionam negativamente com os fatores de risco aterogênicos clássicos (sexo masculino, idosos, dislipidemia, LDL-C aumentado e HDL-C diminuído).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Atherosclerosis , Immunoglobulin M/analysis , Cardiovascular Diseases , HIV , Immunoglobulins/analysisABSTRACT
[Objective] The retrospective study was designed to analyze the dynamic relationship between the Apolipoprotein A 1,B100 and the progression of coronary artery lesion.[Methods] Patients who underwent the second coronary angiography or coronary 320-slice CTA at a minimum review interval of 6 months after their first examinations in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from 2010 to 2015 (n =245),were divided into non progress group (n =114) and progress group (n =131).We compared the differences of clinical and Biochemical data between two groups,and tried to find out the relationship by Logistic Regression analysis.[Results] The baseline levels of APOA1 (1.33 ± 0.29 vs 1.24 ± 0.25,P =0.015),APOA1/AOPB100(1.56 ± 0.65 vs 1.38 ± 0.44,P =0.014)in non progress group were higher than those in progress group.The baseline levels of APOB 100 were similar in both groups.The follow-up levels of APOA1 were higher than the baseline levels in both groups,the variation was significant in progress group (1.24 -± 0.25 vs 1.31 ± 0.28,P =0.006).The levels of APOA1 and APOA1/APOB100 were correlated with progression of coronary artery lesion negatively in single-variate logistic regression analysis.The level of APOA 1 (OR =0.245,P =0.005) was correlated with progression of coronary artery lesion negatively in multivariate logistic regression analysis.[Conclusions] APOA1 may has the effect of delaying the progression of coronary artery lesion,and may predict the progression of coronary artery lesion.
ABSTRACT
La obesidad es la enfermedad nutricional más frecuente en niños y adolescentes en los países desarrollados. Se caracteriza por un estado proinfamatorio que supone una interrupción de las señales de traducción de la insulina con la consiguiente resistencia a la insulina. El objetivo del estudio fue valorar la presencia de factores de riesgo cardiovasculares y de partículas de c-LDL pequeñas y densas mediante el cálculo del índice c-LDL/ApoB-100 en una población infantil obesa insulinorresistente. Se incluyeron niños de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre 2 y 12 años que acudieron a las consultas de pediatría del Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena. Se reclutó una cohorte de 200 niños correspondiente a un total de 97 niños y 103 niñas distribuidos en los siguientes grupos: Grupo 1: n=96 con obesidad (P97) y resistencia a la insulina (RI); y Grupo 2, n=104, con peso normal (P<80). Se calculó el per-centilo del IMC para cada edad y sexo así como se analizó el perfil lipídico y bioquímico. Ambos grupos contaron con el consentimiento informado previo a la extracción de la muestra por parte de los familiares. El cociente c-LDL/ApoB-100 alcanzó mayor significación estadística y área bajo la curva (AUC) que otros cocientes valorados, con una sensibilidad (S)=87 y especificidad (E)=0,585 para el valor de 1,3 y un AUC de 0,78 y p<0,001. Además, se obtuvo una correlación negativa entre el cociente c-LDL/ApoB-100 y el HOMA (p<0,05), el fbrinógeno (p<0,05) y us-PCR (p<0,05). El cociente c-LDL/ApoB-100 podría ser un parámetro determinante de la presencia de partículas pequeñas y densas con alta sensibilidad, significación estadística y valor predictivo positivo en una población infantil obesa e insulinorresistente como herramienta clínica para valorar el riesgo cardiovascular.
Obesity is the most common( nutritional disease in children and adolescents in developed countries. It is a proinfammatory disease that implies a break in the transduction signal of insulin with subsequent insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to assess the presence of particles of small and dense c-LDL by calculating the c-LDL/ApoB-100 index in an insulin resistant obese children population. Children of both sexes aged between 2 and 12 attending the pediatric outpatient clinics of Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena were included. It recruited a cohort of 200 children, with a total of 103 girls and 97 boys distributed in the following groups: Group 1: n=96 obese (P97) and IR and n=104 normal weight, Group 2 (P<80). BMI percentile for age and sex as well as lipid and biochemical profle were calculated. Both groups had informed consent from relatives before the extraction. The c-LDL/ApoB-100 achieved greater statistical significance and area under the curve (AUC) than other ratios measured with sensibil-ity (S)=87 and specificity (E)=0.585 for the value of 1.3 with an AUC of 0.78 and p<0.001. Besides, a negative correlation between the c-LDL/Apo-B-100 and HOMA (p<0.05), fbrinogen (p<0.05) and us-PCR (p<0.05) ratios is obtained. The LDL/ApoB-100 ratio is a determining parameter for presence of small and dense LDL particles with high sensitivity, statistical significance and positive predictive value in an insulin resistant obese children population as a clinical tool to assess cardiovascular risk.
A obesidade é a doença nutricional mais comum em crianças e adolescentes nos países desenvolvidos. Caraceriza-se por um estado pró-infamatório que supõe uma interrupção dos sinais de tradução da insulina com a conseguinte resistência à insulina. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a presença de fatores de risco cardiovasculares e de partículas de c-LDL pequenas e densas através do cálculodo índice c-LDL/ Apo B-100 numa população infantil resistente à insulina. Foram incluídas crianças de ambos os sexos com idade entre 2 e 12 anos, que foram às consultas de pediatria do Hospital Universitário Virgem Macarena. Foi recrutado um grupo de 200 crianças, correspondente a um total de 97 meninos e 103 meninas distribuídos nos seguintes grupos: Grupo 1: n=96 obesidade (P97) e resistência à insulina (RI) e n=104 Grupo 2 de peso normal (P<80). Calculou-se o percentil do IMC para cada idade e sexo, bem como o perfil lipídico e bioquímico. Ambos os grupos tinham o consentimento informado antes da ex-tração da amostra por parte da família. O quociente de c-LDL/ApoB-100 atinge significação estatística maior e área sob a curva que outros quocientes avaliados com uma sensibilidade (S)=87 e especificida-de (E)=0,585 para o valor de 1,3, e uma AUC de 0,78 e p<0,001. Além disso, foi obtida uma correla-ção negativa entre o quociente c-LDL/Apo-B-100 e o HOMA (p<0,05), o fbrinogênio (p<0,05) e us-PCR (p<0,05). O quociente c-LDL/ApoB-100 poderia ser um parâmetro de determinação da presença de partículas pequenas e densas com alta sensibilidade, significação estatística e valor preditivo positivo numa população infantil obesa e insulino-resistente como ferramenta clínica para avaliar o risco cardiovascular.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Body Mass Index , Insulin Resistance , Pediatric Obesity , Obesity/diagnosis , Pediatric Obesity/complicationsABSTRACT
The effects of tetrandrine on serum TXB2, 6 - Keto - PGF1?, LPO and lipids in patients(n= 40)with essential hypertension has been studied. The results showed that: (1) The levels of serum 6 - Keto -PGF1?,apoA1 in EHT were lower and the level of serum TXB2,LPO and apoB100 were higher than those in control. (2)Patients with essential hypertension treated with tetrandrine (0.1 ~ 0. 2g,tid,po)for 3 mon revealed that thelevels of TXB2, LPO and apoB100 were decreased, and the levels of apoA1 and 6 - Keto - PGF1? were increased. In conslusion,tetrandrine stimulated the synthesis of PGI2 and inhibited the release of TXA2 and normalized the metabolism of lipids in patients with essential hypertension.
ABSTRACT
With food containing konjac flour, a 45-day-long feeding trial on 110 old people suffering from hyperlipidemia was conducted to observe the effect of konjac food on lipid metabolism of human beings.The konjac flour was from Amorphophallus konjac, a kind of traditional food, with trace protein and very low energy, but rich in dietary fibre composed mainly of gluco-mannan.The results obtained were as follows;1.After having konjac flour 5g/day as a supplement of their regular meal for 45 days, concentration of TG, TC and LDLC in the serum of the experimental subjects decreased significantly (P